Ancient Islamic Cities Villages, Towns, and Capitals of Islam

The Stanford Prison Experiment Sought To Recreate A Prison

The Stanford Prison Experiment sought to recreate a prison experience to study behaviors of prisoners and guards. The authors were seeking answers to the question of dispositional hypothesis which states â€Å"that the state of the social institution of prison is due to the â€Å"nature† of the people who administer it, or the â€Å"nature† of the people who populate it, or both† (A Study of Prisoners and Guards in a Stimulated Prison, 1971, pg. 2). In other words, they were studying whether the prisoners and guards behaviors changed due to their personalities or was it the prison environment that caused these changes. The authors considered the recidivism rate that was 75 percent at the time, conditions in prisons, and the belief that prisons†¦show more content†¦The researchers observed the behaviors and mentalities of both guards and prisoners by naturalistic observation. What the researchers found during this study was that both the behaviors an d mentalities of guards and prisoners changed. Guards became more aggressive and prisoners became passive. A group of five prisoners had to actually be released from the study because of physical and emotional changes they were experiencing. Those prisoners remaining actually began acting as if they were truly incarcerated. By the behaviors they exhibited they had all but forgotten that they were free to leave at any time and not forfeit the money they had already earned. Guards, on the other hand, actually stayed at the prison longer than they were scheduled and were actually disappointed when the study came to a close while prisoners were very happy and expressed their luck at getting released early. These results clearly demonstrate that it is the environment that contributes to the behaviors observed. Those who were given the role of guard expressed the power and control they had over the prisoners. The prisoners began to become hopeless and bend to the power of the gua rds. The researchers came to the conclusion that training of guards should be changed along with the way the prisons are operated (A Study of Prisoners and Guards in aShow MoreRelatedStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagesorganizational failure. . . . Deliberate building in of strategy absence may promote flexibility in an organization. . . . Organizations with tight controls, high reliance on formalized procedures, and a passion for consistency may lose the ability to experiment and innovate. †¢ Management may use the absence of strategy to send unequivocal signals to both internal and external stakeholders of its preference not to engage in resource-consuming ceremony.... For example, various articles have described NucorRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesmistakes than from our successes. So, we need to realize that while we don’t want to f ail, it does have a hidden gift if we’re willing to receive—a chance to learn something important. Eli Lilly holds â€Å"failure parties† to honor drug trials and experiments that fail to achieve the desired results. The rationale for these parties is to recognize that when little is ventured, little is lost, but little is gained too. Procter Gamble CEO A. G. Lafley argues that very high success rates show incrementalRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pageswho investigate the behaviour of physical, nonsentient phenomena, their relationship with those phenomena is not problematic in these respects. For example, physicists and chemists who conduct experiments investigating the behaviour of water do not have to worry whether or not the results of their experiments will affect the subsequent behaviour of that water; they seem to deal with a world that does not answer back. As far as we know, water does not have a self-conscious understanding of its own behaviour

Case Analysis of Jones Soda in the Canadian Market †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Case Analysis of Jones Soda in the Canadian Market. Answer: Introduction The study focuses on themarketing campaign of Jones Soda in the Canadian market. The case study of Jones Soda illustrates that the company has lost two important deals with Seahawks and American Airlines, that has lead the company to huge failure in themarketing aspects. It also lead to fall of sales of the company. However, the company is seeking potential market in Canada its early roots. The marketing campaign will be formulated for the Canadian market. Organizational overview Name of the organization The marketing plan will be formulated for Jones Soda Co., a beverage company based on Washington. The company is focused on bottling and distributing non carbonated beverages, soft drinks, candy and energy drinks of unusual flavours. Mission statement The mission statement of the company is Jones Soda. Your Photo. Your Soda. Your Brand. Run with the little guy! The mission statement focuses the brand as a little guy in the giant soda market pop world. However, the brand is passionate about their brand value and rage of products in the market. Opportunity The marketing plan for Jones Soda is formulated for the expansion of the products in the Canada market. The aim of the marketing plan is to reinvent the image of the brand in the Canada along with the target customers of the region. It can be said that Canada has a potential market in terms of soft drinks market and energy drink market. Situation Analysis (SWOT Analysis) Strengths Unique flavours of the soft drinks and other beverages Responsive brand that has a cult following Social campaigns and green initiatives Improved customer interaction through various communication channels Brand recognition with high range of product portfolios Weaknesses Limited numbers of products in the product portfolio Small brand in terms of comparison with the multinational beverage company (Huang Sarigll, 2014) Opportunities Huge opportunity in Canada market The marketing techniques will improve the brand popularity Expansion in other countries as well Unique flavours and high product portfolio will attract target customers Threats Dominance of giant multinational brands like Coca Cola and Pepsi The element of health conscious among the consumers of the Canada is a threat in reducing the amount of sales in the market (Leonidou, Katsikeas Morgan, 2013) Marketing Research: Competitive analysis The soft drinks market in Canada is highly competitive in nature. The market is captured with the giant companies like PepsiCo, Coca Cola, Monster Beverage Corporation, Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Pulse Beverage, National Beverage, Celsius Holdings, Konared, Long Island Iced Tea, Uplift Nutrition, Sport Endurance, etc. Jones Soda should formulate strategies that must focus on the strategies of the competitors (Hanssens et al., 2014). Industry analysis The consumers in Canada nowadays are becoming health conscious day by day. The growing demand of the low calorie drinks in the market is the cause of the lower consumption of the soft drinks in the market. The behaviour of the consumer in the Canada is depended on the choice of them in terms of healthier beverage products. The trend of healthy products in terms of food and beverage in the Canadian market is the cause of sales of the unusual flavours of the products of Jones Soda. The interest of the consumer towards bottled drinks is still in demand in the market that the company can target while increasing the brand image in the market (Mintz Currim, 2013). Consumer analysis The company is targeting not only to the youth consumers but also to the kids of the country. The key demographic groups of Jones Soda consisted of Millenials, Teens and Hispanics. The trends of the consumers are changing day by day. They have a craze in the non-alcoholic ready to drink market. It can be seen that all these demographics will like the flavoured drinks of Jones Soda as they have unique packaging and tastes (Fan, Lau Zhao, 2015). Opportunity analysis The opportunities of the soft drink market in Canada are higher compared to the opportunity of United States. The soft drink manufacturer i.e. Jones Soda is focused in the different types of unusual flavours of the company that has been already popular in Western Canada. Now the company is again relaunching the brand and its products in the Canada market. It can be said that the company is focused in marketing the brand to the consumers mind so that they can reinforce it in the minds of them for the increase of sales and word of mouth promotion (Helm Gritsch, 2014). Differentiating and positioning It is earlier mentioned that big multinational giants like PepsiCo, Coca Cola, and other companies capture the soft drink market in Canada. It is important for Jones Soda in order to launch their product in a way so that they can differentiate them in the huge market. The USP of the brand is that it contains many product lines with unique blend of taste and flavours like root bear, cola, orange, cream, cream soda, green apple, blue bubblegum, fufu berry, bacon soda, gravy soda, Pure Can soda, Turkey Soda, etc. Apart from that, the quotes that are mentioned in the caps of the bottles are a tactics to attract customers (Davari Strutton, 2014). Packaging of the product along with the unique taste is the main point of positioning in the Canada market. Target customers and marketing mix Target customers that the marketing plan includes the three generations of people Hispanics, millenials and the teens. The age group targeted by Jones Soda ranges between 13 years to 40 years of age. The company has wide range of soft drinks for all categories of consumers. The geographic areas targeted are various metropolitan areas of Canada. The marketing plan will be formulated according to the segmenting, targeting and positioning of the products in the Canada market (De Mooij, 2013). The marketing mix of Jones Soda is described in the following: Product: The types of products that the company will be serving to the customers are energy drinks, soft drinks, flavoured drinks, etc. The products have innovative taste and refreshing flavours that will be preferred by the people of Canada. Place: The metropolitan areas of Canada are the target areas of Jones Soda in order to launch the product in the market. The places of Canada that will be chosen for the distribution of the products are supermarkets, departmental stores, convenience stores, etc (Shao, Jones Grace, 2015). Price: The pricing strategies that is applied by the company in the Canada market are penetration pricing. The company must conduct an extensive research regarding the pricing strategy adapted by them in the Canada market. The pricing of the products is initially sales oriented as the main target of the company is to penetrate the Canada soft drink market in order to capture a market share in the Canada. It can be said that the company must focus on the price quality relationship on the product. Promotion: The promotional techniques that will be used by the company in different types of the regions of Canada are internet, newspaper, sales promotion, website and social media, advertising including traditional media and digital media, etc (Shao, Jones Grace, 2015). Key success factors The key success factors that will contribute the marketing plan of the company in the success of the marketing plan of the company are the quality of the products along with the pricing of the products. Apart from that, the unique blends of the flavours of the soft drinks and the energy drinks are definitely will be a hit in the market. The promotional techniques of the brand along with its brand equity, brand personality, brand image, etc. are the unique selling proposition of the company in the market (Jones Slater, 2014). Goals and objectives The objectives and goals of the marketing plan can be divided into two categories such as long term and short term. The short-term goals of the marketing plan is to reinforce the brand name and brand image in the minds of the Canadian consumers. By the implementation of penetration pricing, the company will gain a substantial market share in the Canada (McAuley, 2014). On the other hand, the long-term goals of the company are to become the number one soft drinks company in the Canada market. The company wants to increase its profit percentage by 20% from the previous years. Apart from that, Jones Soda will also increase the sales volume by 30% in order to recover the loss that has been recurred in United States. In this way, the overall performance of the company will have to be increased in the market (Kponee, Siegel Jernigan, 2014). Conclusion It can be concluded that the marketing campaign of Jones Soda is formulated by keeping in consideration of the consumer behaviour and market characteristics of Canada. By doing the competitor analysis, it can be said that many multinational giants capture the soft drink market of Canada. Hence, the strategies are formulated in order to keeping in consideration of the techniques of promotion and other marketing activities by the rival beverage selling companies. References Davari, A., Strutton, D. (2014). Marketing mix strategies for closing the gap between green consumers' pro-environmental beliefs and behaviors.Journal of Strategic Marketing,22(7), 563-586. De Mooij, M. (2013).Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Fan, S., Lau, R. Y., Zhao, J. L. (2015). Demystifying big data analytics for business intelligence through the lens of marketing mix.Big Data Research,2(1), 28-32. Hanssens, D. M., Pauwels, K. H., Srinivasan, S., Vanhuele, M., Yildirim, G. (2014). Consumer attitude metrics for guiding marketing mix decisions.Marketing Science,33(4), 534-550. Helm, R., Gritsch, S. (2014). Examining the influence of uncertainty on marketing mix strategy elements in emerging business to business export-markets.International Business Review,23(2), 418-428. Huang, R., Sarigll, E. (2014). How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Jones, D. M., Slater, J. S. (2014).What's in a Name?: Advertising and the Concept of Brands. Routledge. Kponee, K. Z., Siegel, M., Jernigan, D. H. (2014). The use of caffeinated alcoholic beverages among underage drinkers: Results of a national survey.Addictive behaviors,39(1), 253-258. Leonidou, C. N., Katsikeas, C. S., Morgan, N. A. (2013). Greening the marketing mix: do firms do it and does it pay off?.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,41(2), 151-170. McAuley, A. (2014). Reflections on a decade in social marketing.Journal of Social Marketing,4(1), 77-86. Mintz, O., Currim, I. S. (2013). What drives managerial use of marketing and financial metrics and does metric use affect performance of marketing-mix activities?.Journal of Marketing,77(2), 17-40. Shao, W., Jones, R. G., Grace, D. (2015). Brandscapes: contrasting corporate-generated versus consumer-generated media in the creation of brand meaning.Marketing Intelligence Planning,33(3), 414-443.

To What Extent Is It Possible to Be Fully Ethical Essay Example

To What Extent Is It Possible to Be Fully Ethical Essay To what extent is it possible to be fully ethical in business and in management practice? What are the main issues that you have to address and confront? What are the main ethical pressures facing the supermarket industry and how might these be addressed and overcome? Ethics questions morality, whether something is ethical or unethical, right or wrong, good or evil, aim for justice, etc. Each person may have their own different opinion, causing ethics to be a moral value to what feels right or wrong depending on the situation. It is human nature to be selfish in order to survive, management nature to be selfish in order to guarantee an increasing profit, but luckily moral values have allowed an increase to standards of life in the last few centuries. In the animal kingdom we see that mother species consume even their own children in order to survive. Here we also see that to benefit one, another must sacrifice. For organisations to continue increase in profits, they may need to push their way through different suppliers, different employees, and different obligations in order to maintain their long term aims, possibly being caused unethically. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Is It Possible to Be Fully Ethical specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Is It Possible to Be Fully Ethical specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Is It Possible to Be Fully Ethical specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To run a business, moral values are always considered but to a certain extent. Most debates argue that it is not possible to succeed well in managing a business without achieving unethically. The moral means behind is as to believe in what one does is not against ones morals, and to act upon those unveil actions possibly being considerate of others, as if they were part of your family. ‘The more successfully the manager does their work, the greater will be the integrity required. An IT related firm would monitor their staffs actions on the computer, call centres would monitor each phone calls made, retailers require security checks when staff leave the site – all these conduct good management, but could be argued to an extent that staff are not trusted, so are therefore strictly kept an eye on. To what level of security should managers undertake to prevent ethical dilemmas? If a group of employees cannot be trusted then should they be trusted to conduct the work ethical ly? Morality has been kept behind a fence in this situation, if each person in this world was able to be free from sin then there would be no need for security. Market research securely protects data given by clients, the honesty they insist their company abides to makes clients feel safe about the data they give out, but could result as use for financial gain. So despite market research abiding to strict codes of conduct, it could be argued that to use personal data for ones use of creating business/improving their trade could arise an ethical dilemma. However, due to ethics in this world, business and trade legislations have been bought to attention to improve society. Decades before, children in our country worked over 16 hours a day with limbs torn off, disabled workers were only starved to death and women could not work. In the modern world today, women can now have high responsibilities in a business, there is far less discrimination about an employee’s race, religious views or sex, the world is constantly changing and developing to adapt to society. Morality has led unions to be organised, laws to be instituted, and regulations to be established to protect unethical matters of society today. It can also be noted that ethics create relationships between people, create a moral value for teamwork in a group of employees, better relationships between employees and employers; these are benefits for the business as well as the employees-happy workers result in better productivity. Ethics has also created many acts and legislations in the UK to protect consumers, employees and employers so that all working environment are argumentatively safe, unlike previous decades and working standards in third world countries. Without the moral values of each other, society would become a mess of greed and selfishness. Keeping up with market demand is continuous; many businesses have to follow success of others in order to survive. A successful invention causes others to copy; pressure is then put on to the original in order to stay ahead on the market. The first mobile phone invention has now been updated and evolved into an I-phone 4G, enable a connection across the whole globe. A wrong act is committed to copy the clever idea of the mobile invention, but has caused millions upon trillions of trade and business in the mobile phone category and has also turned into one of the vital piece of technology each person has today. Counterfeiting has been introduced in the last century to prevent exact copies of another idea/product, yet China still produces an extortionate amount of ‘fake’ copies in a year leading from brands such as Gucci and Louis Vuitton, to selling human-made eggs. Many documentaries have been produced regarding these counterfeit fakes being sold illegally in China and imported into the UK, yet thousands of tourists visit these illegal malls to buy the fakes. However in the UK it is much less of an issue, legislations fine heavily these illegal sellers if caught so have lowered the chance in the matter occurring. Ford was one company who developed a change for their employees through trial and error. The managers saw that the turnover rate of their workforce was extremely high, and realised it was due to the stress and hatred the employees were feeling towards their job. In 1914 Henry Ford made the change to cut down the working hours from 9 hours per day to 8 hours, and double the wage pay. This made Ford famous internationally, causing the famous name Fordism. 3 From this was can see that Ford’s employer had taken into account the ethical issues of his business, creating a change to help his own business by thinking of his employees. Despite this, Ford also employed many inspectors to check up on his employees, strict rules were made to control his employees – such as no talking to others whilst working. Outside work, Ford also made the inspectors check up on the employee’s lifestyle, their homes and what they did with their time outside of work. 3 Things that didn’t satisfy Ford he would fire, such as employees drinking or always being debt. This of course was believed to be highly unethical and would not take place in our society today. The large competitive supermarket industries in the UK such as Tesco, Asda and Morrisons all sell similar products with the aim of being the cheapest. Each one strives to compete with the others causing their prices to be kept low, buying from cheap suppliers, paying cheap labour in third world countries to keep production of goods low, cutting down staff for self checkout machines etc. In order to maintain their prices low (or make them lower), Tesco have been known to have labour in sweater shops in third world countries to produce their Cherokee Clothing, labour in Africa growing crops but being paid only just enough to survive. The workforce here is mostly children working long periods a day for very little money, a salary which would be illegal for UK workers. Richer nations see this often as unacceptable, how people can be paid such low money for working in such poor conditions, but they are possibly earning money for the whole family to live on. Natural disasters cannot be prevented; so many people in this world are less fortunate and have different standards of living to the better off. Tesco also are under pressure to keep their prices low, so if Asda and Morrisons can sell their products so cheaply then Tesco will find their way to do so too. It is the ethical question to how to prevent these things which are hard to prevent, and to try and help each other live equally. A survey of workers at an Aldi supplier in Indonesia for example revealed: †¢90% stating their wages were insufficient to meet their daily needs †¢55% stating they had no written contract, and †¢40% reporting trade union repression. ’ Similarly, stores like Aldi and Lydl are reaching their profits selling their misleading products, which are all m ade to look like a well known brand. Their brandings are cheaper, and their labours are also paid poorly, causing their business to keep up during the recession for being cheap. Their work force in Indonesia is also seen as unacceptable and has drawn attention to the media in 2008. The Fairtrade organisation is an established group which has been built up in the recent years to ensure workers are being paid what is believed as ‘a fair salary’. It started up aiming to help the employees which are not receiving a fair amount of reward as they should be for doing their end of work. For products to earn a Fairtrade label they must pay producers a fair price, and help improve working conditions investing in sustainability. Many consumers now only buy Fairtrade items as it overcomes the ethical dilemmas known about supermarkets suppliers’ working conditions. Its ethical aims and objectives have successfully been profitable and there are now increasing amounts of Fairtrade items on the market. Pressure groups are external society factors which could influence business activity. Some pressure groups may be less demanding than others, for example selling real animal fur to Tesco’s would not be an issue, but selling addictive products such as Tobacco could be a responsibility to tackle. Pressure groups are mostly a group designed to stop/prevent something being done or product being sold, such as testing drugs on animals. Ideally, they believe their morals are correct which is why they are forcing it to a stop. It is hard for supermarkets to prevent every unethical matter; most Tesco’s medicines must have been tested on animals before it can be given to humans, but they could cut down necessity of hurting animals if possible. Gillette, a maker of razors and shaving products has been known to test their products on animals. Several other companies have tried to prevent the problem of health on animals, but Gillette has continued with the idea and agued if hey need to satisfy consumers and stakeholders they need to continue with their animal testing. This is a difficult issue as some people would argue that it is more important to ensure human beings safety first, there it is acceptable that it should be test to benefit people, whilst others would mention to minimize the harm to animals to test on them only when it is necessary. The Body Shop started by Anita Roddick in 1976 is a large skin and h ealth care international company. The products sold by the Body Shop ensure that none of its products have been tried or tested on animals as they contain natural, botanical ingredients. Many consumers buy this idea and their recycling (refilling) aims which has made it one of the largest skin product retail chains in the market. The smell of their natural ingredients and the ethical value behind their creation of the products create a vast favour to customers, yet also being a successful business. A supermarket business will nevertheless affect many stakeholders. A good profitable year would create more jobs, happier shareholders, and happier customers. Profits may be high, customers may be more willing to spend more on luxury goods, suppliers receive more trade, but it doesn’t last forever. Recession will occur every few years, causing all of this to have to cut down. Managers will have to cut down staff, finding the smallest reasons to dismiss employees, unethically. Suppliers will need to be providing their service as cheap as possible; otherwise declined. They will insist to trade with large businesses and therefore be under pressure to offer illegal or terrible working conditions for the labour such as in third world countries to win the supermarket’s choice, unethically. The old man down the road from Tesco may lose his job trying to compete in selling home grown groceries as his only source of income, unfortunately. As a result, large supermarkets trying to compete to survive will have to help itself, without questions morality in most cases; it is therefore argued that successful businesses are managed unethically. On the other hand, the ethical decisions that could be undertaken yet still are possible. The managers should choose the course of action best for the stakeholders in order to satisfy them for a successful business. It is the stakeholders that allow a business to be successful; without employees, suppliers and consumers, there is no trade able to occur. Managers need to look after their staff, for example give them a reasonable salary, abide within the legal working hours, keep their working conditions at a satisfactory level, give them some privacy as well as some security (Lockers, data protection etc), health and safety etc. Keeping employees happy will result in a more productivity by the workforce. Managers also need to consider the eyes of a consumer, i. e. Good satisfactory quality products, no misleading titles, descriptions or information, clean premises, health and safety regulations etc. If they do not abide to these, customers may not return or even sue them. Similarly, managers need to also treat their suppliers well, they cannot expect to owe suppliers month after month as it could threaten their survival, and instead create a good relationship with them if they wish to have better credit rating and discounts. Sometimes ethics and moral values are what guide managers to their decision makings. If they consider ethical values to change something then they are most likely to expect a positive result. When managers recruit their staff, they will be looking for a particular type of person or personality to take on the job role. However, sometimes this could lead to discrimination. Some small town Kebab shops often put up posters mentioning they wish to recruit a staff member with the same race as themselves, allowing easy communication. This is against the Employer Discrimination Act by law it should not be allowed. In large businesses we see this much less, the language used isn’t considered acceptable-to only allow to take on a job if you are the correct race, and neither would asking for a particular sex or religious belief-unless a good reason is given. Nevertheless when asking for a particular target, it shouldn’t be made obvious to offend people, nor should it be made so blatant to make people angry. Managers also need to consider moral views to selling their products. Beech-Nut was a maker of baby-food who was close to being bankrupt in the 1980’s. The company took out a contract with a low-cost supplier of apple juice concentrate, but was later found to contain quantities of corn soup. The managers insisted in carrying on selling the misleading product to keep their business alive, but later was caught and fined heavily for fraud. It is easier to be ethical without anything to hide, than to mislead or commit fraud to sellers. Sometimes honesty may take a longer route to get around, i. e. o receive instant sales, but in the long-run dishonesty could lead to serious matters, just like Beech-Nut. In summary, successful management in business is tough, but to be fully ethical in everything is even tougher. In this world in order to succeed, sacrifice is committed; success does not require ethical conduct. People in poor countries strive in life to try and survive, stealing f rom others, committing all sorts of crime. It is very hard to have good management in a firm if to be completely ethical, it’s the survival of the fittest in the animal kingdom, survival of using tactics in business. If one needs to gain, someone else might be hurt. Nevertheless we do see society changing in many ways due to ethics, which is why the majority of life is different compared to when humans first existed. Irrespectively, organisations should still acknowledge the ethics in the world to create the right initiatives. Mutual respect and trust can provide goodwill between relationships with people and trade. Adhering with ethical values can be seen by consumers which in the long term will benefit rather than working with evil. Being truthful and trustworthy also gains goodwill by consumers and employees towards a business. We can see that although Innocent Smoothies may not be gaining as instant profit in the short run when first set up; after it has been promoted well people begin to see the moral values inside these ‘innocent’ pricey products. They have reached a high profit margin in a few years time, and encouraged other companies to begin producing ethically as they do- degradable packaging, natural ingredients, and giving 10% profit to people who ‘need it’. The majority of supermarkets in the UK now sell Innocent Smoothies as it is a fast selling product yet a choice which everyone is fond of. Overall the benefits of ethics in business are being able to manage and strengthen the balance of society and the culture of organisations. Apart from bringing trust into relationships between groups and teams, the morals and values which human beings have in our country can be seen as safe to live upon. Ethics can create a profitable and effective business, and has been discovered more this century as the world is constantly improving.

Global Economy Fiscal Policies in US

The meaning of Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy refers to the use of government revenue and expenditure to influence the economy. It relates to development guidelines where all welfare projects have to be completed. Essentially, fiscal policies influence macroeconomic activities by balancing tax and public spending.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Economy: Fiscal Policies in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Two examples of these fiscal policies include taxation and government expenditure, which aim at funding development functions, as well as, enhancing equality. Such policies curb inflation, and in the end increase employment and maintain the value of money (Perry 2008). In addition, proper fiscal policies determine the pace of the country’s economic growth. However, should there be a lack of restraint to the economic growth money will soak the market thereby leading inflation. Instrument of fiscal p olicies Taxation policies are the main government techniques for influencing the economy, as well as a weapon for saving a collapsing economy. The government uses taxation and spending to influence economic activities by increasing and reducing it. Taxation is the main source of income for the government. The most common method of taxation is direct taxation. Other forms of taxation include personal taxes, value added tax, fees levied on licenses and permits, as well as, fines. The introduction of tax cuts helps in stimulating aggregate demand (Krug 2011, 34-5). If the government increases taxes, the public will be heavily burdened, which will reduce their production and purchasing power. On the other hand, if the government decreases taxes, money supply will be high. This will then lead to high inflation. A reduction in taxes will increase disposable income and households will end up consuming the money that should have been taxed. An increase in taxes will also affect businesses. It will lower the profit margin and hence lead to an increase in production. Increased production will increase the demand for raw material and laborers. Therefore, there will be an increase in employment and the money earned will increase the level of income in the economy. There is the need to analyze taxation policy in order to avoid inflationary tendencies. Additionally, it is the mandate of all policy makers to use the power vested in them by the state to maintain a stable economy. This is because stability centres on the kind of macroeconomic policies made.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another tool used by the government as fiscal policy is government expenditure, which are recurrent and development. Various development expenditures include opening education institution, building and maintaining infrastructure. On the other hand, recurrent expenditure involves payin g salaries to the civil service and employing a new workforce. An increase in the government expenditure goes to economic development, paying wages and salary, which involves changing the budget. Investing in infrastructure development requires skilled and casual labourers to complete the projects. This creates direct employment opportunities for the people involved in construction work and other indirect opportunities for those supplying services and logistics to the building process. The employed citizens, either directly or indirectly, earn wages and salaries, which increase their ability to purchase goods, and hence an increase in aggregated demand. In addition, the government can increase spending on education hence increase the skills and knowledge of its citizens. In the end, government will increase the employment to its people. Deficit financing policy is another example of fiscal policy, although not popular. This happens when the government expenditure is more than its re venue; the deficit can be filled when and if the central bank decides to issue new currency (Baumol Blinder 1994). It will reduce the purchasing power of the masses hence inflation and in the end, the value of currency will increase. The government can opt for domestic borrowing as a solution when it feels that deficit financing is insufficient. This is by issuing government securities and bonds; however, it will increase the cost of budget in the form of interest. Fiscal policies, if not sustained carefully, increases inflation and the rate of unemployment. The fiscal policy stance in the 2011-2012 Federal Budget The government implemented the contractionary fiscal policy by spending lower than the tax revenue. This is usually because of the pay down of government debt, which saw the 2011/2012 budget with many significant cuts. This is an indication that the government is using fiscal policies as a means of stimulating growth. This policy affected the dependent spouse tax as a bud getary component thus stimulates aggregate demand. This move will save the government an amount of $755 million (Australian budget services, 2011). Additionally, $1.1 will be saved by raising the public sector dividends and a further $470 by scrapping off low income tax offset. Businesses have not been spared, since those with a turnover of $2 million and below are written off on any motor purchases.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Economy: Fiscal Policies in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is a noted increase in spending on the health and education sectors. Notably, the government will offset this by executing sharp cuts on defense expenditure in order to enhance operational competence in the communal service. In addition, other measures will affect natural disaster expenditure ($1.2bn this year), and the flood levee (raising $1.5bn). The government’s transfer payment policy such as une mployment benefits, social security funds to the elderly, and payments made to the poor had cuts. Consequently, reducing the transfer payment will reduce the amount of disposable income to those involved. Suitability of the Australian government’s fiscal policy stance By reducing the government’s expenditure, the banks will be willing to lend to the government because of the increase in liquidity. This will reduce the yearly government debt, consequently reducing the total public sector debt. Arguably, cutting government expenditure will reduce borrowing, which is dangerous and can downgrade the bond market. Notably, current research points out that one-dollar of tax cuts can increase G.D.P by $3, compared to a supplementary dollar of government expenditure increasing GDP by $1.40. Reducing government expenditure also reduces the level of inflation, because little money remains in circulation (Russell Heathfield 1999). Introducing infrastructure tax benefits is also j ustified and appropriate. The government cut on the infrastructure can affect productive capacity in the end. Notably, introduction of the benefits has opened the opportunity for private investors willing to invest in infrastructure development to proceed. This will ensure improved infrastructure, which will lead to increased business activities. Increasing expenditure on health and education has increased the skills and knowledge on its citizen. Essentially, this will increase the employment to the people, as well as their disposable income (Symes 1995). Increasing government expenditure will bolster economic growth by increasing the disposable income. Alternatively, the private sector should offer these essential services to the masses at minimal cost. However, quality should not be compromised. Privatizing the airports, postal services, and improving the educational sector should be strategic by shifting to a model that is based on competition and choice.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The government’s transfer payment policy such as unemployment benefits, social security funds to the elderly, and payments made to the poor had cuts. The transfer payment will reduce the amount of disposable income to the individuals involved hence justifiable. List of References Australian budget services, 2011, Federal Budget. Web. Baumol, W Blinder, S, 1994, Economics: principles and policy, 6th Edn, Dryden Press, Fort Worth. Krug, S, 2011, Optimal Taxation in a Federal System of Governments, GRIN Verlag GmbH, München. Perry, E, 2008, Fiscal policy, stabilization, and growth: prudence or abstinence?, World Bank, Washington, DC. Russell, M Heathfield, F, 1999, Inflation and UK monetary policy, 3rd Edn., Heinemann, Oxford. Symes, V 1995, Unemployment in Europe: problems and policies, Routledge, London. This essay on Global Economy: Fiscal Policies in US was written and submitted by user Cable to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

7 unprofessional email habits you need to avoid

7 unprofessional email habits you need to avoid No matter what level you are within your career, chances are you feel overwhelmed every time you sit down at your computer and check your inbox. Email is not just something to check in with once in a while and ignore- triaging and responding to emails is a huge part of the workday. In fact, a survey done by  Adobe found that almost half of the 1,000 people surveyed expect people to get back to them within the hour! You have to read and respond quickly, which leaves room for careless errors to creep in. Much of the impression you make with colleagues will be digital, so you need to remain sharp and focused- even if you’re working on your 30th email of the day. Read on for some very common errors that tend to occur when you let your guard down.Replying all for everythingBefore you hit replay all, pause. Always pause. Ask yourself, â€Å"Does everyone on this thread really need to see my reply?† Spend an extra minute culling down the list of recipients, or just respond o nly to the sender. You’ll be responsible for keeping everybody’s inboxes clutter-free for at least a day if you do this. There’s always the option of forwarding something along if later down the line you realize he or she needs to see it.Careless CC-ingThis is in the same vein as the â€Å"reply all,† except the stakes are higher and you could actually land yourself, your boss, or your client in hot water by adding a name to an email chain without asking first. Don’t share info that isn’t yours to share- never assume it’s okay to forward or share an email with a new recipient (especially one outside of the company) until you’re sure all parties are on board. Take the time to confirm if you ever have  any doubt.Forgetting the attachmentThis is one error that isn’t the biggest deal the first time it happens. But if it becomes a habit, you’ll start to look silly. You might think it’s okay, even cute, to send the follow up â€Å"Ooops!! Attachment attached!† email to your entire department when you’ve forgotten to attach a necessary document to the first email. But it isn’t- it just makes you seem careless.The theme that keeps coming up applied here, too: take your time. Do the last-minute check to make sure all recipients are correct, necessary, and that you’ve attached your attachments before you send.Unnecessarily crying â€Å"Urgent!†Do you get too many red-flagged emails, only to realize when you open them that they really aren’t that big of a deal? Don’t abuse the â€Å"urgent† function- if and when you do need to send an email with a true crisis, no one is going to believe you.Rambling on and onThink about the last time you opened up an email to see a wall of text. Be honest: did you really read the whole thing, every word? Probably not. There is no reason for your two-page email. Be as clear and concise as possible and save your coworkers (and yourself!) a whole lot of valuable time. People are more likely to read and digest your email if it’s short, sweet, and to the point. Bullet points are your friend!Misspelling someone’s nameThere’s a very good chance that your recipient’s name is literally in his or her email address. Do the extra two-second check to make sure you’ve spelled it right. If you’re mentioning other people within your email, take the time to double-check their names as well. Don’t assume that because someone has a common name that it takes the common spelling: Michelle or Michele? Gennifer or Jennifer? Geoffrey or Jeffrey? It matters.Writing bad subjects (or no subjects)Your recipients should be able to tell what your email is about simply by glancing at the subject line in their inbox. Don’t be vague. For example, â€Å"Follow-up† is a very vague email subject, but â€Å"Follow-up Notes from 9/15 Board Meeting† is direct and clear. Weeks, months, or years down the line, will your recipient be able to tell what’s in your email? Write your subject lines with that goal in mind. And please, please always include a subject- leaving the line blank is just lazy.

Public administration- delegates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public administration- delegates - Essay Example With regard to the expertise and experiences of the delegates, almost all of the 55 had actively participated in the revolution despite multiple careers and titles. For instance, some had already served in the Continental forces as commanders whereas some had been members of the Confederation Congress. Among the 55 delegates, some were state governors, members of Continental Congress, and lawyers. The members of the convention also included individuals from every sphere like merchants, manufacturers, shippers, land speculators, bankers or financiers, physicians, farmers etc (America’s Founding Fathers). All had extensive knowledge and political experiences, for among the delegates, people like ‘Baldwin, Bassett, Bedford, Dickinson, Few, Franklin, Ingersoll, Livingston, Alexander Martin, Luther Martin, Mercer, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, Read, Sherman, and Williamson’ had already lived or worked in more than one state or colony (America’s Founding Fathers). The level of education also varied and many had good education from British North American colonies or abroad. Another notable aspect was that almost all delegates namely Blair, Butler, Carroll, Houston, Ingersoll, Jenifer, Johnson, Livingston, Mifflin, Gouverneur Morris, Pinckneys, Randolph, Rutledge, Washington, and Wythe were from leading well-to-do families (America’s Founding Fathers). The delegates represented various regions; Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North California, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and